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摘要：【目的】研究不同種植施肥模式对土壤养分、酶活性及细菌多样性的影响，为黔北烟区土壤的可持续利用提供科学依据。【方法】设烤烟—烤烟—黑麦草连作+单施化肥（C-CF）、烤烟—烤烟—黑麦草连作+有机肥化肥配施（C-CFM）、烤烟—玉米—黑麦草轮作+单施化肥（R-CF）和烤烟—玉米—黑麦草轮作+有机肥化肥配施（R-CFM）4种种植施肥模式处理，通过常规分析和高通量测序技术研究不同处理的土壤养分、酶活性及细菌多样性变化。【结果】经过13年的种植施肥后，C-CF、C-CFM和R-CF处理的土壤pH和有机质含量显著降低（P<0.05）;R-CFM处理的土壤pH和有机质无显著变化（P>0.05，下同）;各处理的土壤有效磷和有效钾含量增加，有效氮含量降低。土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性及微生物量碳、氮均以R-CFM处理相对较高。轮作和施用有机肥改善了土壤的生态环境，使微生物种群增加、活性增强，细菌群落的丰富度指数（Chao1）、均匀度指数（Heip）和多样性指数（Shannon）均表现为C-CF处理<C-CFM处理<R-CF处理<R-CFM处理，优势度指数（Simpson）表现为C-CF处理>C-CFM处理=R-CF处理>R-CFM处理。土壤细菌门类和优势菌属的相对丰度因种植施肥模式不同而存在差异，但各处理的主要优势种群基本一致，且绝对优势菌属均为厌氧绳菌（Uncultured Anaerolineaceae）、酸杆菌亚群-6（Acidobacteria Subgroup-6）、玫瑰弯菌属（Roseiflexus）和鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）。【结论】采用轮作和有机肥化肥配施的种植施肥模式，土壤pH稳定，有机质、微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及细菌多样性指数等较高，有益于作物高产优质，并保持土壤健康质量，是一种用养结合的种植施肥模式，值得在黔北烟区推广应用。
关键词： 烤烟;轮作;有机肥;土壤养分;土壤酶活性;细菌多样性
中图分类号： S572 文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2019）05-0982-08
Abstract：【Objective】The effects of different planting and fertilization modes on soil nutrient，enzyme activity and bacterial diversity of tobacco were researched to provide scientific basis for the long-term sustainable utilization of toba-cco soils in northern Guizhou. 【Method】The treatments included tobacco-tobacco-ryegrass continuous cropping with che-mical fertilization（R-CF），tobacco-tobacco-ryegrass continuous cropping with chemical fertilizer application plus manure （R-CFM），tobacco-maize-ryegrass rotation with chemical fertilization（C-CF），tobacco-maize-ryegrass rotation with chemical fertilization plus manure（C-CFM）. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for nutrients，enzyme activities，and bacteria diversity by routine analysis and high throughput sequencing. 【Result】After 13 years of planting and fertilization，R-CF， C-CFM and R-CF cropping treatments made the soil pH and the content of organic matter decreased significantly （P<0.05）. Soil pH and organic matter of R-CFM did not change significantly（P>0.05，the same below）. The contents of available phosphorus and available potassium increased，but the contents of available nitrogen decreased. The activities of catalase，invertase，urease and phosphatase，microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil were relatively higher in R-CFM than others. Rotation and application of manure improved soil ecological environment，increased microbial population and activity. Diversity index（Chao1）， evenness index（Heip） and diversity index（Shannon） all presented C-CF<C-CFM<R-CF<R-CFM，and dominance index（Simpson） was C-CF>C-CFM=R-CF>R-CFM. The abundances of soil bacteria and dominant bacteria varied with different fertilization modes，but the dominant populations of each treatment were basically the same，and the absolute dominant bacteria were uncultured Anaerolineaceae，Acidobacteria Subgroup-6，Roseiflexus and Sphingomonas. 【Conclusion】Crop rotation and chemical fertilization plus manure mode can result in stable pH， high organic matter， microbial biomass， soil enzyme activity and bacteria diversity index. As a planting fertilization pattern combining utilization and restoration， it is beneficial for the high yield and quality of crops and maintaining soil quality. Thus this method is worth promoting in tobacco plating areas in northern Guizhou.